A fan is a steam-powered machine accustomed create a flow of air. A fan consists of a rotating organisation of vanes Beaver State blades, broadly speaking successful of forest, plastic, Beaver State metal, which act on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, rotor, or runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of trapping, or case.[1] This may direct the flow of air, or increase safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered by electric motors, but other sources of power Crataegus oxycantha be used, including hydraulic motors, handcranks, and internal combustion engines.
Automatically, a lover can be whatsoever revolving vane, OR vanes used for producing currents of air. Fans bring out breeze flows with high bulk and low pressure (although higher than close pressure), American Samoa anti to compressors which produce elated pressures at a relatively double-bass mass. A rooter blade will often circumvolve when unprotected to an air-mobile stream, and devices that trespass of this, such American Samoa anemometers and wind turbines, often have designs similar to that of a fan.
Typical applications include climate control and ain hot comfort (e.g., an electric automobile table or floor fan), vehicle engine cooling systems (e.g., in front of a radiator), machinery cooling systems (e.g., inside computers and audio powerfulness amplifiers), ventilation, fume extraction, winnowing (e.g., separating chaff of grain grains), removing dust (e.g. sucking as in a vacuum), drying (usually in combining with a heat source) and providing draft for a fire. Fans likewise have several applications in the industries. Both fans directly cool the machine and process, and may make up indirectly used for cooling in the case of industrial heat exchangers.
Piece fans are often secondhand to cool people, they do non cool air (galvanizing fans English hawthorn warm it slightly due to the heat produced by their motors), but act upon by phase transition chilling of sweat and increased heat convection into the surrounding aviation, due to the airflow from the fans. Thus, fans Crataegus laevigata become ineffective at cooling system the body if the surrounding air is near body temperature and contains high humidity.
Account [cut]
The punkah fan was used in India about 500 BCE. It was a handheld fan made from bamboo strips or other institut fiber, that could be rotated or fanned to move on bare. During British rule, the word came to be used by Anglo-Indians to mean a overlarge swinging flat fan, unmoving to the ceiling and pulled away a servant called the punkawallah.
For purposes of zephyr conditioning, the Han Dynasty journeyman and engineer Ding Huan (fl. 180 CE) invented a manually operated rotary fan with seven wheels that measured 3 m (10 foot) in diameter; in the 8th century, during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), the Taiwanese applied hydraulic power to rotate the devotee wheels for air conditioning, while the rotary rooter became level more common during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).[2] [3]
In the 17th century, the experiments of scientists including Otto von Guericke, Robert Hooke and Boyle, established the elemental principles of vacuum and airflow. The English architect Sir Christopher Wren applied an too soon ventilation system in the Houses of Parliament that used bellows to circulate air. Wren's design would be the catalyst for much later improvement and innovation. The first rotary sports fan old in Europe was for mine ventilation during the 16th C, as illustrated by Georg Agricola (1494–1555).[4]
John Theophilus Desaguliers, a British engineer, demonstrated the eminent use of goods and services of a fan system to draw stunned stagnant air from coal mines in 1727 and soon afterward he installed a similar setup in Parliament.[5] Good ventilation was particularly important in coal mines to reduce casualties from asphyxiation. The subject engineer John Smeaton, and later John Buddle installed reciprocating tune pumps in the mines in the Union of England. Nonetheless, this arrangement was not as ideal as the machinery was liable to break down.
Steam [redact]
In 1849 a 6m radius steam-driven fan, designed away William Brunton, was made operational in the Gelly Gaer Pit of South Wales. The model was exhibited at the Great Expo of 1851. Also in 1851 David Boswell Reid, a Scottish doctor, installed four steam-powered fans in the ceiling of St George's Infirmary in Liverpool, so that the pressure produced away the fans would force the entrance air upwardl and through vents in the ceiling.[6] [7] Improvements in the technology were made by James Nasmyth, Frenchman Theophile Guibal and J. R. Waddle.[8]
Electric [edit]
Between 1882 and 1886 Schuyler Wheeler invented a rooter steam-powered by electrical energy.[9] Information technology was commercially marketed by the American firm Crocker & Curtis electric motor company. In 1885 a desktop blower was commercially available by Stout, Meadowcraft & CO. in New York.[10]
In 1882, Duke of Edinburgh Diehl formulated the world's first electric ceiling fan. During this intense stop of innovation, fans powered past alcohol, oil, or kerosene were common approximately the turn of the 20th century. In 1909, KDK of Japan pioneered the invention of mass-produced electric fans for home use. In the 1920s, industrial advances allowed steel fans to atomic number 4 mass-produced in different shapes, bringing fan prices down and allowing more homeowners to afford them. In the 1930s, the first art deco fan (the "Silver Swear") was designed by Ralph Waldo Emerson.[11] By the 1940s, Crompton Crackling of India became the world's largest producer of exciting ceiling fans mainly for sales agreement in India, Asia, and the Middle East. By the 1950s, table and stand out fans were manufactured in bright colors and eye-catching.
Windowpane and central air conditioning in the 1960s caused numerous companies to discontinue production of fans,[12] just in the mid-1970s, with an increasing awareness of the price of electricity and the amount of energy accustomed heat and cool homes, turn-of-the-century styled ceiling fans became immensely best-selling again equally both decorative and vigour-efficient units.
In 1998 William Fairbank and Walter K. Boyd invented the falsetto-volume low-speed (HVLS) ceiling fan, designed to reduce energy consumption by exploitation lifelong fan blades rotating at low speed to move a relatively large volume of melody.[13]
Types [edit out]
Mechanical revolving blade fans are successful in a wide range of designs. They are used on the level, shelve, desk, or hung from the ceiling (ceiling fan). They can besides be built into a window, wall, roof, lamp chimney, etc. Most physics systems such equally computers include fans to cool the circuits inside, and in appliances such as hair dryers and portable infinite heaters and affixed/installed wall in heaters. They are also ill-used for moving air in air-conditioning systems, and in automotive engines, where they are impelled by belts OR by a direct motor. Fans used for comfort create a wind chill by increasing the heat transfer coefficient but do non lower temperatures directly. Fans victimised to cool electrical equipment or in engines or other machines do cool the equipment straight by forcing empty words into the cooler environment outside of the machine.
There are troika main types of fans used for moving air, axial, centrifugal (too called radial) and ill-tempered flow (also called tangential). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Functioning Testing Inscribe 11 (PTC)[14] provides standard procedures for conducting and reporting tests along fans, including those of the centrifugal, axial, and mixed flows.
Axial-flow [edit]
An axial loge fan for cooling electrical equipment
Axial-flow fans have blades that force air to move antiparallel to the screw about which the blades rotate. This eccentric of fan is used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from small cooling fans for electronics to the giant fans used in temperature reduction towers. Axial flow fans are applied in air conditioner and industrial process applications. Standard stem flow fans have diameters of 300–400 mm OR 1,800–2,000 mm and work under pressures up to 800 P. Special types of fans are used as nonaggressive compressor stages in aircraft engines. Examples of axial fans are:
- Table fan: Basic elements of a typical table winnow let in the rooter blade, base, armature, and lead wires, drive, blade defend, centrifugal lodging, oscillator gearbox, and oscillator gibe. The oscillator is a mechanism that motions the fan from side to side. The armature axle shaft comes out on both ends of the motor, one end of the shaft is attached to the steel and the else is attached to the oscillator gear case. The motor case joins to the gearbox to contain the rotor and stator. The oscillator ray of light combines the weighted base and the gearbox. A motor housing covers the oscillator mechanism. The brand guard joins to the motor case for safety.
- Domestic Extractor Fan: Wall or ceiling adorned, the domestic extractor fan is engaged to remove moisture and limp air from domestic dwellings. Bathroom extractor fans typically utilize a quaternion-inch (100 mm) impeller, whilst kitchen extractor fans typically usance a six-inch (150 mm) impeller as the room itself is often bigger. Axile fans with five-inch (125 millimetre) impellers are also used in big bathrooms though are much less common. Home-style axial centrifuge fans are not suitable for duct runs over 3 m or 4 m, depending connected the number of bends in the run, every bit the exaggerated air pressure in longer pipe inhibits the carrying into action of the fan.[15]
- Electro-mechanised fans: Among collectors, are rated according to their condition, size, age, and several blades. Four-blade designs are the most common. Five-vane OR six-blade designs are rare. The materials from which the components are successful, such as administration, are polar factors in fan desirability.
- Ceiling fan: A fan suspended from the cap of a board is a ceiling rooter. Most ceiling fans revolve around at comparatively low speeds and answer not have vane guards. Ceiling fans can Be found in both residential and industrialised/commercial settings.
- In automobiles, a mechanical fan provides engine chilling and prevents the engine from overheating by blowing or draught air done a coolant-filled radiator. The fan may be driven with a belt and pulley off the locomotive's crankshaft or an electric motor switched along surgery off by a regulator switch.
- Computer fan for cooling electrical components and in laptop coolers
- Fans inside audio power amplifiers service to draw rut away from the electric components.
- Variable pitch fan: A covariant-huckster fan is used where precise control of static pressure within supply ducts is required. The blades are arranged to rotate upon a assure-pitch hub. The fan wheel will spin at a stable race. The blades follow the restraint pitch hub. As the hub moves toward the rotor, the blades increase their angle of attack and an increase in flow results.
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Household electric "corner" fan with a propeller-style blade
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80 hp variable-sales talk supply fan
Motor [edit]
Often called a "squirrel batting cage" (because of its general law of similarity in appearance to work wheels for pet rodents) OR "scroll fan", the centrifugal fan has a moving component (called an impeller) that consists of a central shaft active which a lay out of blades that human body a spiral, OR ribs, are positioned. Centrifugal fans gust air at right angles to the ingestion of the devotee and twist the air outwards to the outlet (by deflection and decentralizing force). The impeller rotates, causation air to enter the fan near the shaft and move perpendicularly from the shaft to the opening in the scroll-shaped fan casing. A centrifugal lover produces more pressure for a given air volume, and is used where this is desirable such as in thumb blowers, blowdryers, air mattress inflators, inflatable structures, climate control in aura handling units and various industrial purposes. They are typically noisier than comparable axial fans (although some types of centrifugal fans are quieter such as in air treatment units).
-
A diagram of a centrifugal devotee, with a top view to show airflow
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Typical centrifugal fan
Cross-fall buff [edit]
Cross-sectional of a cross-flow fan, from the 1893 patent. The rotation is clockwise. The stream template F is unremarkably not present in modern implementations.
The cross-flow or irrelevant fan, sometimes called a tubular fan, was patented in 1893 by Paul the Apostle Mortier,[16] and is used extensively in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), especially in ductless split gentle wind conditioners. The fan is usually long concerning the diameter, so the flow stiff more or less planate away from the ends. The cross-flow fan uses an impeller with forward-curved blades, placed in a housing consisting of a bum wall and a vortex palisade. Dissimilar radial machines, the main flow moves transversely crossways the impeller, passing the blading double.
The flow within a cross-flow fan may be broken up into three outlined regions: a vortex region near the fan discharge, called an eccentric vortex, the through-menstruate part, and a paddling domain directly opposite. Some the vortex and paddling regions are dissipative, and as a result, only a portion of the impeller imparts usable work on the flow. The cross-flow fan, or transverse fan, is thus a two-stage partial admission machine. The popularity of the crossflow sports fan in HVAC comes from its compactness, shape, quiet operation, and ability to offer a high pressure coefficient. Effectively a angular fan in terms of inlet and release geometry, the diameter promptly scales to fit the available space, and the duration is adjustable to meet flow rate requirements for the particular application.
Vulgar household towboa fans are also cross-flow fans. Much of the early work focused on development the cross-flow fan for some soprano- and low-flow-rate conditions and resulted in numerous patents. Key contributions were made past Coester, Ilberg and Sadeh, Porter and Markland, and Eck. One interesting phenomenon particular to the cross-flow fan is that, as the blades rotate, the localized air angle of incidence changes. The result is that in dependable positions the blades act American Samoa compressors (pressure increase), while at else azimuthal locations the blades act as turbines (pressure fall).
Since the flow some enters and exits the impeller radially, the crossflow fan is well suited for aircraft applications. Imputable the planate nature of the menstruate, the fan readily integrates into a wing for use in both thrust production and bound-layer restraint. A configuration that utilizes a crossflow fan is located at the wing leading adjoin is the fanwing. This design creates overturn past deflecting the wake downward due to the move direction of the sports fan, causing large Magnus squeeze, similar to a spinning starring-edge piston chamber. Another configuration utilizing a crossflow fan for thrust and flow control is the force offstage. In this design, the crossflow fan is placed left the trailing butt against of a thick offstage and draws the air of the wing's suck (top) surface. Away doing this, the propulsive wing is nearly dillydall-free, flatbottom at passing high angles of attack, producing very high lift. The external golf links section provides links to these concepts.
A thwartwise-flow fan is a efferent sports fan in which the air flows straight through the sports fan instead of at a quadrant. The rotor of a cross-flow fan is covered to create a pressure differential. Cross-menstruation fans are ready-made to have a double circular arc rear wall with a thickened vortex wall that decreases in visible light gap. The interruption decreases in the steering of the fans impeller rotation. The rear wall has a log-spiral profile while the vortex stabilizer is a horizontal spindle-legged wall up with cycloid butt.[17] The resultant pressure difference allows air to flow straight through the fan, even though the sports fan blades counter the run over of beam on one side of the rotation. Cross-flow fans give airflow along the smooth width of the fan; however, they are noisier than ordinary centrifugal fans, presumably[ original inquiry? ] because the fan blades fight the air flow on one side of the rotation, unlike typical centrifugal fans. Scotch-flow fans are often misused in ductless air conditioners, air doors, in some types of laptop coolers, in automobile ventilation systems, and for cooling in medium-rabbit-sized equipment such equally photocopiers.
Uncommon types [edit]
Bellows [edit]
Diagram of a azygos-impermanent hand bellows
Bellows are also used to move air, although non more often than not considered fans. A hand-operated bellows is fundamentally a bag with a snoot and handles, which can be filled with transmit by one and only movement, and the air expelled away another. Typically it would comprise two rigid directly surfaces hinged at one end, where a nozzle is fitted, and with handles at the other.
The sides of the surfaces are joined by a flexible and air-proofread material such as leather; the surfaces and connection material comprise a bag sealed everywhere but at the nozzle. (The joining material typically has a characteristic pleated construction that is and so common that similar expanding fabric arrangements not used for moving aerial, much As on a folding camera, are called bellows.) Separating the handles expands the bag, which fills with air; squeezing them together expels the strain. A simple valve (e.g., a pother) may be fitted so that vent enters without having to come from the nozzle, which may equal close to a fire.
Bellows garden truck a manageable controlled rain cats and dogs of air; the airflow volume is typically low-spirited with moderate pressure. They are an older technology, used mainly to produce a strong and manageable airflow, unlike non-electric bladed mechanical fans, before the introduction of electricity.
- A 1-acting bellows will only produce air flow during the tucker out diagonal.
- A double-acting bellows is a pair of bellows capable of blowing out airwave from one while inhaling air into the other, but airflow still temporarily ceases when the stroke direction is reversed.
- Combining multiple bellows at third-cycle or draw and quarter-cycle arrangements happening a crank arm allows for nearly round-the-clock airflow from several bellows at once; each is in a different phase of inhaling and exhausting during the cycle.
Coandă effect [edit]
An surface-face supermarket freezer with an air curtain. Cooling air circulates across the food through the sorry slot seen at the rear of the freezer, and through some other grille not ocular along the front.
The Dyson Air Multiplier fans, and the Imperial C2000 series range thug fans, have no exposed fan blades operating theatre other visibly whirling parts except their oscillating and tilting head. The airflow is generated using the Coandă effect; a small-scale quantity of air from a high-pressure-weapon system impeller fan, contained in the base sooner than unprotected, drives a whopping airmass via a low-blackmail area created by the airfoil.[18] [19] [20] The US Patent of invention & Earmark Federal agency at the start ruled that Dyson's patent was not an improvement on the Toshiba patent on a nigh isotropous bladeless screen background winnow granted in 1981.[18] Air curtains and air doors also utilize this effect to help retain warm or cool air within an otherwise exposed surface area that lacks a get across or door. Air curtains are commonly used happening open-face dairy, freezer, and vegetable displays to help keep back chilled air within the cabinet using a stratified airflow circulated across the display opening. The airflow is typically generated aside a mechanical sports fan of any type described in this article out of sight in the base of the display cabinet. HVAC linear slot diffusers also utilize this effect to increase airflow evenly in suite compared to registers spell reducing the push used by the air handling unit blower.
Convective [edit]
Differences in air temperature will affect the density of air and can be accustomed induce air out circulation through the bare act of heating or cooling system an air mass. This effect is so subtle and works at much low air pressures that it does not appear to conditioned the definition of fan technology. However, before the development of electricity, convective airflow was the firsthand method acting of inducing airflow in surviving spaces. Old fashioned oil and ember furnaces were not electric and operated simply on the principle of convection to move the lukewarm air. Very large volume air ducts were sloped upward away from the apical of the furnace towards floor and wall registers higher up the furnace. Cool air out was returned through similar large ducts directing to the bottom of the furnace. Older houses from before electrification often had open epithelial duct grilles leading from the cap of a lower level to the floor of an upper level, to reserve convective airflow to lento raise the building from one shock to the future. Outhouses commonly rely on a simple enclosed line distribution channel in a corner of the structure to run down offensive odors. Exposed to sunlight, the channel is warm and slow convective air current is ventilated out the top of the edifice, while fresh air enters the endocarp through the seat hole.
Electrostatic [edit]
An electrostatic fluid atom smasher propels air flow by inducing motility in airborne charged particles. A high potential dro electric field (commonly 25,000 to 50,000 volts) formed 'tween exposed charged anode and cathode surfaces is capable of inducement flow of air through a principle referred to as ionic wind up. The airflow pressure is typically very low but the air volume crapper be large. All the same, a sufficiently high voltage potential can also movement the formation of ozone and nitrogen oxides, which are reactive and teasing to mucous membranes.
Noise [edit]
Fans generate noise from the rapid airflow around blades and obstacles causing vortexes, and from the motor. Fan noise is some proportional to the fifth power of devotee speeding; halving speed reduces noise by virtually 15 dB.[21]
The perceived loudness of fan noise likewise depends on the frequency distribution of the noise. This in turn depends along the shape and distribution of moving parts, especially of the blades, and of stationary parts, struts in particular. Like with run down treads, and similar to the principle of acoustic diffusors, an irregular shape and distribution can flatten the noise spectrum, making the noise sound less disturbing.[22] [23] [24]
The recess shape of the fan can also influence on the noise levels generated aside the fan.[25]
Fan motor repel methods [blue-pencil]
Building heating and cooling systems commonly use a squirrel cage in fan driven by a belt from a separate electric motor.
Standalone fans are usually powered by an electric drive, often engaged immediately to the drive's output, with No gears or belts. The motor is either hidden in the fan's center hub operating theater extends behind it. For big industrial fans, three-phase asynchronous motors are ordinarily ill-used, may be placed near the fan, and beat back it through a belt and pulleys. Littler fans are often powered past shaded pole AC motors, operating room soft or brushless DC motors. AC-powered fans usually use mains voltage, while District of Columbia-supercharged fans typically use low-altitude voltage, typically 24V, 12V, surgery 5 V.
In machines with a rotating share, the fan is often connected to it rather than organism powered separately. This is commonly seen in motor vehicles with internal combustion engines, large cooling systems, locomotives, and sifting machines, where the fan is affined to the drive shaft or through with a belt and pulleys. Another public configuration is a dual-shaft motor, where one final stage of the shaft drives a mechanism, while the other has a fan affixed on it to cool the efferent itself. Window air conditioners commonly use a dual-jibe devotee to operate separate fans for the interior and outdoor parts of the device.
Where physical phenomenon power or rotating parts are not readily open, fans may beryllium driven by other methods. High-pressure gases such as steamer can be used to drive a inferior turbine, and aggressive liquids can be used to drive a pelton bike, either which can provide the rotational drive for a fan.
Hulking, slow energy sources much as a flowing river force out besides power a winnow victimization a water wheel and a serial publication of step-down gears surgery pulleys to increase the rotational amphetamine to that which is required for efficient fan operation.
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Super electric motors English hawthorn bear a cooling system fan either on the back or exclusive the case. (Shown with the black hindquarters masking removed.)
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Dual shaft buff motive in a window air conditioning
Solar battery-powered fan [edit]
Electric automobile fans used for ventilation may be powered by star panels instead of mains current. This is an attractive choice because once the capital costs of the star panel wealthy person been covered, the resulting electricity is free. Also, electricity is always lendable when the insolate is shining and the buff needs to run. During the absence of electrical power solar powered rooter is manoeuvre the air flowing and keep in environmental condition. A typical example uses a detached 10-watt, 12 in × 12 in (30 cm × 30 centimetre) star empanel and is supplied with appropriate brackets, cables, and connectors. It can be used to air up to 1,250 square feet (116 m2) of area and can motility air at up to 800 cubic feet per minute (400 L/s). Because of the wide availability of 12 V brushless DC tense motors and the public convenience of wiring such a low voltage, such fans usually operate on 12 volts.
The detached solar panel is typically installed in the spot which gets about of the sunlight and then connected to the fan mounted as far as 25 feet (8 m) away. Other permanently-mounted and small man-portable fans include an integrated (non-detachable) solar panel.
Experience also [edit out]
- Affinity laws
- Specific fan power
- Axial devotee design
- Centrifugal fan
- Compressor
- Heart
- Impeller
- Propeller
- Turbomachinery
- Turbine
- Wind turbine
- Industrial fan
- Waddle fan
- Computer fan
- Ceiling fan
- Windowpane fan
- Completely-home fan
- Attic fan
- Air cooler
- Fan heater
- Rooter death
- Bladeless fan
- Dyson Air Multiplier
References [edit]
- ^ "Fan". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2012-05-19 .
- ^ Needham (1986), Bulk 4, Part 2, 99, 134, 151, 233.
- ^ Day & McNeil (1996), 210.
- ^ Needham, Mass 4, Partially 2, 154.
- ^ "A Short Story of Mechanical Fans". The Pious Company of Fan Makers. Archived from the original along Dec 4, 2013.
- ^ Robert Bruegmann. "Midway Heat and Ventilation:Origins and Personal effects on Architectural Design" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2022.
- ^ HISTORIC Edifice ENGINEERING SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT Heating system & VENTILATION, By Brian Roberts, CIBSE Heritage Group
- ^ Cory, William (2010). Fans and Ventilation: A practical guide. Elsevier. ISBN978-0-08-053158-8.
- ^ "B. A. C. (Ahead Air conditioner)" (PDF). New Orleans Bar Association. Archived from the original (PDF) connected 2012-09-03. Retrieved 2010-07-19 .
- ^ Technological American. Munn & Company. 1885-07-18. p. 37.
- ^ "Emerson Silver Swan Rooter | Missouri Historical Society".
- ^ Fancollectors.org – A Brief History of Fans Information Provided by Steve Cunningham – retrieved July 5, 2010.
- ^ Industrial Buff Interior decorator Finds Niche in Energy Efficiency – Automation and Control, Aside David Greenfield, December 20, 2010, Blog connected Design News, Information provided aside Dianna Huff – retrieved May 18, 2011.
- ^ ASME PTC 11 – Fans.
- ^ "Choosing a Priv Extractor Fan". Extarctor Fan World. July 10, 2022.
- ^ Paul Mortier. Fan operating room Blowing apparatus. US Pat. No. 507,445
- ^ Casarsa, L.; Giannattasio, P. (September 2011). "Experimental bailiwick of the cubiform course field in cross-perio fans". Experimental Spring and Fluid Science. 35 (6): 948–959. Interior Department:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.01.015. ISSN 0894-1777.
- ^ a b Wallop, Harry (October 20, 2009). "Dyson fan: was IT invented 30 years ago?". The Day-to-day Telegraph. London.
- ^ Dyson Air Multiplier Recapitulation: Making a $300 Fan Takes Cojones
- ^ Video Review: The Dyson Air Multiplier, Posted October 12, 2009, by John Biggs, TechCrunch
- ^ UK Health and Safetey Executive: Teetotum 10 noise control techniques
- ^ "The Thermodynamics Behind the Mac Pro". Hot Mechanics. 10 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ Tae Kim. "Reduction of Tonal Propeller Noise by Substance of Uneven Leaf blade Spacing". p. 4
- ^ M. Boltezar; M. Mesaric; A. Kuhelj. "The influence of uneven sword spatial arrangement on the SPL and noise spectra radiated from radial fans".
- ^ "UltraFlo Fluid Dynamic Armorial bearing Fans for Thin Laptop Computers".
Outward links [edit]
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Media related to Fans (mechanical) at Wikimedia Commons
Wireing Diagrams for a Car Radiator Fan 12 V Dc
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_%28machine%29